OPERATIVE WITCHCRAFT

In this practical guide, Nigel Pennick takes the reader on a journey through the practice of operative witchcraft in the British Isles from the Middle Ages and the Elizabethan era to the decriminalisation of witchcraft in the 1950s and its practice today. Highlighting uniquely English traditions, Pennick explores fetches and witch's familiars, animal magic and the forms of witchcraft practised by rural tradespeople, such as blacksmiths, herbalists and artisans, to enhance their professional work and compel others to do their bidding, both man and beast. He provides actual spells, charms and folk incantations, along with details about the magical use of a variety of herbs, including nightshades, the creation of amulets and sigils, protection against the Evil Eye and the use of aromatic oils. Pennick explains the best times of day for different types of magic, how to identify places of power and the use of the paraphernalia of operative witchcraft, such as the broom, the witches' dial and pins, nails and thorns. He explores the belief in three different types of witches: white witches, who offer help and healing for a fee; black witches, who harm others and gray witches, who practise both white and black magic. Examining witchcraft's contentious relationship with the Christian church, he investigates the persecution of witches throughout the UK and the British West Indies up until the mid-20th century. He offers a look into the changing public perceptions of witchcraft and the treatment of its followers as well as revealing how English churchmen would offer magical solutions to the perceived threat of black witchcraft. Painting an in-depth picture of English witchcraft, including how it relates to and differs from modern Wicca, Pennick reveals the foundation from which modern witchcraft arose. He shows how this context is necessary to effectively use these ancient skills and techniques and how the evolution of witchcraft will continue harmonising the old ways with the new.